Understanding measles: What you need to know

Measles is making a comeback in some parts of the U.S. Whether you’re a parent, pregnant person, or just want to stay healthy, having a good understanding of measles can help you protect yourself and your loved ones.

What is measles?

Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects children but can also occur in adults who are not immune to the virus. It is caused by the measles virus, which belongs to the Paramyxovirus family. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets from infected individuals, making it easily spread in close-contact settings such as schools, daycare centers, and communities with low vaccination rates.

Measles was once a common childhood illness, but widespread vaccination efforts have significantly reduced its prevalence in many regions. The measles vaccine, usually administered as part of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, is highly effective at preventing measles infection.

Who can get measles?

• Children: Measles spreads easily among kids, especially those who haven’t been vaccinated. It can cause serious problems like pneumonia, brain swelling, and even death. Although the vaccine is not recommended for infants under 12 months of age, they remain at higher risk. Once babies are eligible to get vaccinated, it’s important to begin their vaccine series to keep them safe and healthy.
• Adults: Adults can get measles too. Those born before 1957 are usually immune because they were likely exposed as kids. But adults born after 1957 who haven’t been vaccinated or had measles are at risk. This is especially true for adults traveling internationally, health care workers and those in crowded places.
• Pregnant people: Measles can be very dangerous for pregnant people and their babies. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, early birth and low birth weight. It is recommended that people make sure they are immune before getting pregnant since the vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy.

How measles spreads

• Measles is so contagious that if one person has it, up to 90% of the people close to them can also become infected if they are not protected by vaccination (or, less commonly, prior infection).
• The measles virus can stay in the air for up to 2 hours after an infected person left an indoor space.
• Someone can get infected by simply being in a room where a person with measles walked through.
• In addition, people with measles can transmit to others when their symptoms are fever, cough, and runny nose, which look like common respiratory viruses.

Signs and symptoms

Measles symptoms usually show up 7-14 days after being exposed. Look for:

• High fever (often over 104°F)
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Red, watery eyes
• Tiny white spots inside the mouth
• A red, blotchy rash that starts at the hairline and spreads down the body

Common measles complications

While most individuals with measles recover without complications, certain groups, such as young children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems, are at higher risk of developing severe complications. These complications may include:

• Respiratory diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc.
• Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), can lead to neurological problems and cognitive deficits.
• Diarrhea and dehydration, particularly in young children.
• Prompt medical attention is necessary if complications are suspected, as early intervention can improve
• outcomes and prevent long-term sequelae.

Protection and vaccination

The best way to prevent measles is through vaccination. The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps and rubella. Kids should get the first dose at 12-15 months and the second at 4-6 years. Adults may need the vaccine too, especially if they:

• Have never been vaccinated
• Have no proof of immunity
• Are health care workers
• Plan to travel internationally

Some adults might need a booster shot, especially if they got an older version of the vaccine or aren’t sure about their vaccination status. Talk to your doctor to see if you need a booster.

What to do if you’ve been exposed to measles

If you have been around someone confirmed to have measles and you are not sure if you are immune, your medical team can suggest the best course of action for you to prevent or lessen the effects of the illness. They may recommend you receive a MMR vaccine within 72 hours (3 days) of being exposed to measles or immune globulin (IG) within 6 days of being exposed.

What is the treatment plan for measles?

There’s no specific cure for measles but relief can be provided for some symptoms and may prevent complications. This includes rest, preventing dehydration, topical anti-itch products and keeping fever down using fever-reducing medication. Vitamin A supplementation should only be given under the guidance of a health professional.

Source: cdc.gov; ssbhealthcare.com; blog.providence.org